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POWER STORAGE DETAILS

POWER STORAGE DETAILS Block diagram: The voltage generated by the source (generator) is not of pure dc. This has to be rectified before storage. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. Block diagram (Power supply) Working principle: The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Full Wave Bridge Rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed-loop "bridge" configuration to produce the desired output. The main advantage of this a bridge circuit is that it does not require a special center-tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below. The Diode Bridge Rectifier The four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes conducting current during each ...
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USE OF MOISTURE SENSOR.


MOISTURE SENSOR:
Sensors are detectors that can measure some type of physical quality that is happening, such as pressure or light. The sensor will then be able to convert the measurement into a signal that one will be able to read. Most of the sensors in use today are actually going to be able to communicate with an electronic device that is going to be doing the measuring and recording. Today, you are going to be able to find sensors in a wide range of different devices that you use regularly. The touch screen that you have on your phone has sensors, and they use pressure sensors for opening the doors at the market. Sensors are a very common part of everyday life.




Soil moisture sensors measure the water content in the soil. A soil moisture probe IS
made up of multiple soil moisture sensors. Since analytical measurement of free soil moisture
requires removing a sample and drying it to extract moisture, soil moisture sensors measure
ame other property, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with
Neutrons, as a proxy for moisture content.

The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and
may vary depending on soil type. Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil
moisture and is used for remote sensing in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe
instruments are used by farmers or gardeners.

Technology
Technologies commonly used in soil moisture sensors include: 
  • Frequency domain sensor such as a capacitance sensor
  • Neutron moisture gauges utilize the moderator properties of water for neutrons 
  • The the electrical resistance of the soil 
  • Time-domain transmission (TDT) and time domain reflectometry (TDR): water has a high-dielectric constant; a higher water concentration causes a higher average the dielectric constant for the soil.
  • The average dielectric constant can be sensed by measuring the speed of propagation along a buried transmission line.
  • Heat dissipation sensors rely on the effective thermal conductivity of the soil. Soil with additional water conducts heat more readily than dry soil. 
  • Heat dissipation sensors that include porous intermediate water-holding  element are subject to errors of up to 30% during the wet and dry eyes Tensiometer.

Agriculture:
Measuring soil moisture is important in agriculture to help farmers manage their
Irrigation systems more efficiently. Not only are farmers able to generally use less water
Grow a crop, they can increase yields and the quality of the crop by better management
F soil moisture during critical plant growth stages.

Besides agriculture, there are many other disciplines using soil moisture sensors. Golf
Courses are now using sensors to increase the efficiencies of their irrigation systems to
Prevent overwatering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals offsite.

Landscape irrigation:

In urban and suburban areas. Landscapes and residential lawns are using soil moisture
Sensors to interface with an irrigation controller Connecting a soil moisture sensor to a
Simple irrigation clock will convert it into a “smart” irrigation controller that prevents an
Irrigation cycle when the soil is wet



Simple sensors for gardeners:

Cheap and simple devices are available for checking whether plants have sufficient
Moisture to thrive that does not require a power source. After inserting a probe into the soil for
Approximately 60 seconds a meter indicates if the soil is too dry. Moist or wet for plants.




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